<p>Booker T. Washington School, also known as District School #10 and Washington High School, is a historic school building located at Terre Haute, Vigo County, Indiana. It was built in 1914 and was designed by the firm of Miller & Yeager Architects. It is a two-story, rectangular brick building with Classical Revival style design elements.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for its historical significance in African-American education in the area.</p><br>
<p>In recent years through the end of the 2001-2002 school year, the building has housed Booker T. Washington High School, a school for pregnant, parenting and alternative students. Because of safety issues and compliance with current state standards, Washington High School moved from its original location to a new structure near Terre Haute South Vigo High School. As of June 2008, the original building was undergoing appraisal in preparation for being listed for sale.</p><br>
<p>The Great Þjórsá Lava is the largest lava flow in Iceland  and the largest lava that is known to have erupted in a single eruption in the Holocene. It belongs to a group of lavas known as the Tungná lavas. It was erupted in the Veiðivötn region, Central Iceland, 8600 years BP . The crater area is covered by younger lavas and eruptives. The Þjórsá Lava does not appear on the surface until 70 km downstream of its supposed crater area. In the lowlands of South Iceland the lava has overflown wide areas, covering the districts Landsveit, Gnúpverjahreppur, Skeið and Flói. The main rivers of South Iceland, Þjórsá and Hvítá/Ölfusá, stream along the borders of the lava to the east and west and the 25 km long beach between the river mouths is formed by the lava. The sea level seems to have been around 15 m lower than today when the lava was erupted. Along with the rising sea level the ocean has transgressed the lava front so its border line is submerged several hundreds of metres off-shore and an interesting littoral zone can be inspected along the beach. The towns of Selfoss, Eyrarbakki and Stokkseyri are built on the lava. Its area is around 970 km&sup2;, the thickness 26 m and volume therefore close to 26 km3. The Þjórsá lava is porphyritic with large light coloured feldspar phenocrysts sitting in a dark, fine grained ground mass.</p><br>
<h2>Approach</h2><br>
<p>The littoral part of the Great Þjórsá Lava can be inspected off the seawalls of Stokkseyri and Eyrarbakki. During low tide the Atlantic waves break at the submerged lava front far off-shore but closer to the beach small channels in between flat lava skerries, grown with seaweed, indicate the landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Lodi Arch, also known as Mission Arch, in Lodi, California, is one of the few remaining Mission Revival ceremonial structures within the state of California. It was built in 1907 by architect E. B. Brown for the first Lodi Tokay Carnival, which still occurs annually as the Lodi Grape Festival. The following year, a California Golden Bear and a sign reading "Lodi" were added to the arch. The arch was restored in 1956 after its deteriorating condition made it a safety hazard; the golden bear was turned to the North in 1956 and has also been restored twice, in the 1940s and in 2001. In addition to its architectural significance, the arch serves as a symbol of Lodi and a focal point for the city&#39;s downtown.</p><br>
<p>It was listed as both a California Historical Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Roops Fort, also known as Roops Trading Post, Fort Defiance, and Roop House, is a historic building in Susanville, California. The building, which was built in 1854 by Isaac Roop, was the first building built by white settlers in Lassen County. The fort was originally a trading post for westbound migrants and was the first post west of Fort Hall in Idaho. The building also served as the capitol of the short-lived Nataqua Territory, a territory created in 1856 to avoid California tax collectors. The territory was incorporated into Roop County, Nevada, named for Isaac Roop, in 1861. California and Nevada entered into a border dispute known as the Sagebrush War over the Susanville area in 1863, and Roops Fort served as a fort for the Nevadans during the skirmish. California won the war, and Roops Fort became part of Lassen County in 1864.</p><br>
<p>It is a California Historical Landmark (#76), and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Mount Mutis is the highest point of East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, at 2,427 m above sea level. It is located in the Gunung Mutis Nature Reserve in the South Central Timor Regency, 150 km from Kupang, around 40 km north of the town of Soe. The mountain is a popular climbing site.</p><br>
<p>The Dayuan people believe that the Almighty, who gives rain, wing, and life, resides on Mount Mutis. Amongst local groups living in the area near Mt Mutis there is some concern that the development of local resources by mining and timber companies is doing environmental damage in the region. The area around Mt Mutis is an Indonesian national park of approximately 12,000 ha in size. Environmental management is a major concern for the managers of the park.</p><br>
<p>The Kanhar River  is a tributary of the Son River and flows through the India states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Kanhar originates at Gidha-Dhodha on the Khudia plateau in Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh. It initially flows north forming the boundary with Garhwa district in Palamu division of Jharkhand. Thereafter, it flows for about 100 km through Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. Subsequently, it runs parallel to the Son in Garhwa district and turns north-west and flowing through Sonbhadra district in Mirzapur division of Uttar Pradesh. It confluences with the Son River to the north-east of the village of Kota. It has a rocky bed almost throughout its course. A rapid mountain torrent, flowing through forested areas, it is a dangerous stream.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>The tributaries of the Kanhar are: Theme, Lanva, Pandu, Goita, Hathinala, Suria, Chana, Sendur, Kursa, Galphulla, Semarkhar, Riger and the Cherna nallah.</p><br>
<h3>Waterfalls</h3><br>
<p>A number of waterfalls are located along the track of the river. Pavai Falls near Kothali village (Balrampur) is of about 61 m. Gur-Sindhu Falls is located in Chinia Community block, some 40 km from Garhwa. Sukhdari Falls is 100 ft high. It located near the meeting point of the borders of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.</p><br>
<h2>Projects</h2><br>
<p>Kanhar Hydroelectric Project and Kanhar River Development Scheme are centred on Kanhar Reservoir at Baradih in Garhwa district. There is another dam/ reservoir near Chinia village. The Kanhar Sinchai Pariyojana is located downstream of the confluence of the Pagan River with the Kanhar near village Sugawaman in Tehsil Dudhi of Sonebhadra district.</p><br>
<p>The Catlett House, also known as Beechmoor Place is a historic house located in Catlettsburg, Kentucky. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 25, 1973. Approximately one-half of this building was built circa 1812 by two brothers, Horatio and Alexander Catlett, Jr. The Catlett brothers and their parents, Alexander Catlett  and Susanna Beall, were early settlers to the area and operated a trading post, inn, tavern, and USA Post Office from this location for many years. Natives of Virginia, the Catletts settled at Mouth of Sandy around the turn of the 19th century. They capitalized on the growing river trade and prospered at this location. The town was laid out in 1849 by civil engineer James Fry and named Catlett&#39;s Burgh in honor of the two brothers, who were the first European settlers of present-day Catlettsburg.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1860s, many years after the Catletts ceased to do business in Catlettsburg, a larger addition was built on to the Catlett House by then owner C.W. Culver. The original Catlett House became the south wing of the new dwelling. It was covered in white clapboard siding and used as a living quarters for the servants of the larger home. In 1868 the wife of Colonel Laban T. Moore purchased the three acre property with home from Mr. Culver for $10,000. Colonel Moore, an attorney, had served one term in the United States House of Representatives in Washington, D.C., and was a member of the 14th Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry. Once under his ownership, he named the house Beechmoor for the large beech tree that stood on the property and for his surname of Moore.</p><br>
<p>Beechmoor has remained under the ownership of Colonel Laban T. Moores descendants since 1868. It is still a grand residence, with a library featuring over 2,000 works of literature, a music parlor, a formal sitting parlor, a formal dining room, and four bedrooms upstairs in the main house. Several 64 in wood logs of virgin timber hold the 42 ft house up from its natural stone cellar. The Catlett House portion is not recognizable as a log cabin, the logs have been covered over with wood siding. The last full-time resident of the Catlett House/Beechmoor home was Rebecca Patton, Colonel Laban T. Moores granddaughter. She died in 1986, well over 90 years of age. Before her death, she dedicated herself to the preservation of her beloved lifelong home. Since her 1986 death the home has been maintained with proceeds from a trust fund she created before her death and the rental income from seven houses on the estate. The first portico was replaced with a second larger portico. It has since been removed, and the original green wood swinging shutters have also been removed. An effort to restore the estate has been underway by Col. Moore&#39;s present-day descendants recently, with exterior painting completed in June 2014.</p><br>
<p>The is located in the Philippine province of Camarines Norte. It includes the major islands of Tinaga Island and Guintinua Island, the minor Maculabo Island, as well as several other minor islands.</p><br>
<p>Most of the islands are under the administrative jurisdiction of Vinzons, while the minor island of Maculabo is under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Paracale. Recently, the island of Tinaga where the well-known long beach called Mahabang Buhangin is located is experiencing an influx of tourists despite the absence of accommodation. Campers and backpackers visit Mahabang Buhangin to experience its powdery white sands.</p><br>
<p>The recent popularity of Calaguas Island has brought many tourists and travelers, especially during the summer. This has worried some of the natives and locals that increased tourism might lead to the detriment of the island&#39;s peace and serenity. This is why the local government has created a program that will hold everyone responsible for taking care of Calaguas Island</p><br>
<p>With the local community&#39;s effort is to safeguard and protect the well-being of the island. Big and small tour operators are encouraged to preserve the quiet and peaceful nature of Calaguas Island. Most small and local tour island operators such as Calaguas Local and other tour operators are helping the community move towards better local eco-tourism in the island.</p><br>
<p>William Henry Ludlow House is a historic home located at Claverack in Columbia County, New York, next to the Ludlow-Van Rensselaer House. It was built in 1786 and is a Georgian-style residence. It is a -story, five-bay center-entrance, brick dwelling. The south facade features a finely crafted Palladian window. Also on the property are four large stone gate posts and an original mile marker. There are 10 fireplaces. Outbuildings include the original summer kitchen, root cellar, ice house and a new carriage house. The house underwent a historically-correct restoration in 2011.</p><br>
<p>William Henry Ludlow (1740-1803) was a New York merchant who came to Claverack to escape the British occupation of the city during the Revolution. As a prominent Federalist, William Ludlow entertained Supreme Court Justice John Jay in the house in the spring of 1789. The Ludlow House was a precursor to what became known as the Federal style of American architecture. He is buried in The Claverack Dutch Reformed Churchyard. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The property remains a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Coanwood Friends Meeting House is a redundant Quaker meeting house under the care of the Historic Chapels Trust. It stands in an isolated, sparsely populated valley south of Hadrian&#39;s Wall, in East Coanwood, about 5 miles south of the town of Haltwhistle in Northumberland, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wigham family was an important family in Northumberland in the 17th and 18th centuries. In about 1734 Cuthbert Wigham joined the Society of Friends and founded a meeting of the Society in Coanwood. The meeting house was built in 1760 at a cost of £104</p><br>
<p>(equivalent to £ in ), on a plot of land given by Cuthbert Wigham. The meeting house is historically important because it has not been modified since then, other than the original heather-thatch roof being replaced by slates during the 19th century. The building has been used in the past by the Coanwood Reading Society, and contained a library with books to loan. Since coming under the care of the Historic Chapels Trust it has been repaired "in a manner that conserves its unique fabric and furnishings".</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Coanwood Friends Meeting House is a single-storey building built on a plinth. Its plan is rectangular, measuring 31.1 m long by 6.2 m wide. It is constructed in squared stone in four bays with rusticated quoins and dressings. The roof has eaves of stone flags with slates above, and a stone ridge. There are fixed 12-pane windows in the two left (western) bays and in the bay on the right. Between them, in the third bay, are three steps leading up to a rectangular doorway. The lintel over the door is inscribed with the date 1760. The left and right sides are plain with gables and in the back wall is a 16-pane sash window. Attached to the right wall is a lean-to earth closet with a stone-slate roof.</p><br>
<p>The interior is divided into two rooms by a partition containing top-hinged shutters to the right of the entrance. The larger room on the left has a stone-flagged floor, and contains simple wooden benches. There is a central aisle with seven rows of open-backed benches facing to the west. Opposite these and facing them are two rows of benches on a dais; these are sometimes called elders&#39; benches. The benches form "a rare survival of the historic Quaker layout". The smaller room contains a fireplace and a grate with an iron hob. The meeting house stands in a graveyard that contains "typical Quaker gravestones", many of which commemorate members of the Wigham family.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The meeting house is in an area where there are many walkers&#39; paths. It is normally left unlocked during daylight hours and open to visitors. In September each year the Hexham Quaker Meeting holds a meeting for worship and a family picnic at the meeting house.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex is a historic home and mill complex consisting of 14 interrelated buildings and located at Claverack in Columbia County, New York. The house was built by Jacob R. Van Rensselaer circa 1805 and is a two story brick building set on an English basement. The interior features a pair of octagonal chambers. A two story addition in the Colonial Revival style was built in 1929. Located behind the house is a former office  and two large barns . The mill dates to the 18th century and includes additions completed in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Also on the property are the remains of early waterworks, a store building or former cooperage, a frame dwelling , two additional dwellings, and an Italianate dwelling with four outbuildings dated to about 1884 .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Diana Veteranorum  was an ancient Roman-Berber city in Algeria. It was located around 40 km northwest of Lambaesis and 85 km southwest of Cirta.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Diana Veteranorum was founded in the connection with the settling of Roman veterans of the Legio III Augusta in northern Africa under the emperor Trajan (98-117). Originally probably only Roman vicus with a police station and a community council (described as rest publica Dianensium in an early inscription). It was later promoted to a municipium, but there&#39;s some debate, when that actually happened. While it is established that Diana Veteranorum was a municipium latest by 162, a later discovered inscription suggests that it has been a municipium in 149 already and Jacques Gascou concludes from this inscription that the original promotion happened under Trajan even.</p><br>
<p>Latest 161/162 during the governorship of D. Fonteius Frontinianus the city of Diana Veteranorum was granted the status of a municipium. In 164/165 AD the legate C. Maesius Picatianus issued the construction of a memorial arch for the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. During these years Diana Veteranorum saw various construction and renovation measures, however it is not entirely clear which actual buildings were subject to them. In 217 a triumphal arch was erected for the emperor for Macrinus.</p><br>
<p>A Christian community with a bishop existed since the middle of the third century.</p><br>
<p>In the Peutinger Table, a map of the Roman empire from the late 4th century, the city is called Ad Dianam. Later it came under the control of the Byzantine Empire. During the Byzantine period the city underwent significant changes and some of the Roman buildings were replaced by or reused for new constructions. A church was built on the forum and the triumphal arch for Macrinus got integrated into a small fort. In the second half of the 7th century the city was captured by the expanding Arab empire.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological site</h2><br>
<p>Archeological excavations at the site have yielded a large paved rectangular forum and an aqueduct. In the southeastern area, there are also the remains of a temple that may have been dedicated to the goddess Diana. Two arches have been found, the larger one of which features three openings. An inscription on it indicates that it was erected for the emperor Macrinus in 217. A number of other inscriptions have also been discovered, and in the western part of the city several mausolea have been found.</p><br>
<p>Three building from the Byzantine period have been identified. A small fort (20.2 x 16. m) that had been attached to the arcch of Macrinus and a larger fort (61 x 53 m) about 100 m east of the original forum. Finally a Christian church (33 x 17.1m), that had been built on top of the forum.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Tenney House is an historic house at 65 High Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. This mansion was built circa 1800 as the primary residence of Samuel Tenney, a noted scholar, scientist, physician, American Revolutionary War surgeon, patriot, judge, and member of Congress, and his wife Tabitha Gilman Tenney, the noted early American author.</p><br>
<p>The master carpenter for the house was Ebenezer Clifford working with Bradbury Johnson. At the time, Clifford lived in the Gilman Garrison House, now owned by Historic New England. They also built the First Church, Exeter; the second Phillips Exeter Academy main building; and the Atkinson Academy building.</p><br>
<p>Mrs. Tenney died in 1837, and the house was later occupied by Tristram Shaw, who was a member of the USA House of Representatives, representing New Hampshire from 1830 until his death in 1843. In January 1892, Dr. George W. Dearborn purchased the Samuel Tenney House from Frank H. Hervey.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is located at 65 High Street, having been relocated there in 1893 from its original location in the center of Exeter, next to and north of the First Church on Front Street, to accommodate construction of the Rockingham County Courthouse. On November 25, 1980, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Brookside Cemetery is a historic cemetery located along North Union Street in the city of Tecumseh in northern Lenawee County, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan Historic Site and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brookside Cemetery was set aside in 1853 as Tecumsehs primary cemetery after its original cemetery overgrew its boundaries. The original cemetery, located at the corner of South Ottawa Street and East Kilbuck Street, was abandoned, and those graves were relocated to the newly designated Brookside Cemetery. Many of Tecumsehs early settlers are buried here, including Abi Evans and Joseph W. Brown.</p><br>
<p>Although the cemetery is much larger, only 25 acres (10 hectares) is set aside as historic property by the National Register. The designated area comprises the original, rectangular plot of land that was set aside for the cemetery in 1853. In addition to graves, this property also includes an American Civil War memorial erected in 1882, a public mausoleum from 1913, and the 1915 stone arch entrance along North Union Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Brookside Cemetery is set on a level plain, covered with tall maples, pines, and various shrubs. The cemetery is bordered by a small creek. The 1915 main entryway is marked by a carved stone arch, flanked with an iron fence. Nearby, the 1913 mausoleum is constructed of stone, with a portico of Doric columns and a stained glass window. The earliest graves are laid out in straight rows, and are marked primarily with rectangular slabs. Later graves are marked with larger and more complex monuments. Monuments from the later 19th century include numerous obelisks, most under seven feet. Three large monuments along the central drive are approximately fifteen feet in height, and have elaborately detailed bases and are topped by statues of women. Most monuments are pink, grey, or black granite. There is a single zinc monument.</p><br>
<p>Van Valkenburgh–Isbister Farm is a historic home and farm complex located at Ghent in Columbia County, New York. The complex is spread over two properties and includes 14 contributing buildings and two contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>First property</h2><br>
<p>The first property includes the Van Valkenburgh–Isbister farmhouse (c. 1790, with later additions), an 18th-century barn, stable (c. 1850–1880), two wagon sheds (c. 1850–1880), garage (c. 1930), carriage barn and barn (c. 1850–1880), smoke house (c. 1850), outhouse (c. 1900–1925), and gas pump (c. 1930).</p><br>
<h2>Second property</h2><br>
<p>The second property has a dwelling (c. 1840), shed (c. 1875), carriage barn (c. 1875), dwelling / shed (c. 1910), and outhouse (c. 1940). The Van Valkenburgh–Isbister farmhouse consists of a -story rear block dated to about 1790 and a -story front section with Greek Revival detailing dated to about 1845.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>House at New Forge is a historic home located at New Forge in Columbia County, New York. It was built about 1850 and is a vernacular Greek Revival style residence. It features a two-story, projecting polygonal bay with a hipped roof and a large, deep verandah. Also on the property is a privy. The property includes the full extent of the 18th century industrial, commercial, and residential activities at Maryburgh Forges and the 19th century hamlet of New Forge. Within the property is the site of the 18th century iron forges, the site and foundation of the mid- late-19th century Livingston family manor house, the sites of several former commercial and / or residential buildings, and the site of mid-19th century grist mill, saw mill, and plaster mill.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The River Ardle  is a tributary of the River Ericht. It runs for 10 mi through Strathardle in Perthshire, Scotland. It is a salmon and trout river.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river is formed by the confluence of the Brerachan Water and the Allt Fearnach at Straloch, 3 mi from the top of the strath. It flows past Kindrogan House and Enochdhu, where it takes in the Dirnanean Burn, and then through Kirkmichael. It flows on past Ballintuim and Bridge of Cally, half a mile south of which it joins the Black Water to form the River Ericht. The Ericht is a tributary of the River Isla, which in turn flows into the River Tay.</p><br>
<p>The Ardle is bridged at Enochdhu, Kirkmichael, Pitcarmick, Dalnabreck, Ballintuim, Blackcraig, Cally Lodge and by the A93 at Bridge of Cally.</p><br>
<h2>Ardle's Grave</h2><br>
<p>The name Ardle is derived from a Pictish warrior who was killed in battle at Enochdhu. He was reputed to be a giant, and the mound of his supposed grave is located in the garden of Dirnanean Lodge in Enochdhu. It is 19 ft long, and around 3 ft wide. At its end is a 5 ft high monolith. The origin of this stone is unknown but it is thought unlikely to be prehistoric.</p><br>
<p>The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church is a historic Catholic church in Cassella, it has been designated a historic site because of its well-preserved nineteenth-century architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Parish history</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1847, Nativity parish was served from its earliest years by itinerant priests of the Society of the Precious Blood. Soon after the parish&#39;s formation, a small frame church building was erected on the northeastern corner of the intersection of what is now Cassella-Montezuma Road and State Route 119. The parish was reduced by the formation of St. Francis parish in Cranberry Prairie: due to the difficulty of travelling to Cassella, the Catholics in the western part of the parish requested a separate church, and St. Francis parish was founded in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Despite the creation of St. Francis&#39; Church, the original frame church had become too small by the late 1850s. Starting in 1858, the parishioners spent $6,000 to construct a replacement brick structure on the southeastern corner of the intersection. Other buildings were constructed around the church, including a large house for the pastor.</p><br>
<p>Today, Nativity remains an active parish of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. It is part of the Marion Catholic Community cluster, along with Precious Blood parish in Chickasaw, St. Sebastian parish in Sebastian, St. Rose parish in St. Rose, and St. John the Baptist parish in Maria Stein. The entire cluster is a part of the St. Marys Deanery.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings owned by or related to the parish are located at Cassella&#39;s primary intersection. Centered on the parish church, these buildings were completed over a period of more than fifty years.</p><br>
<h3>Church</h3><br>
<p>The church building is a rectangular single-story structure, three bays wide on the front and four bays long on the sides. Built on a stone foundation with a basement, the walls are of brick covered with stone, and the building is covered with a gabled roof of asphalt. Begun in 1858, the church was consecrated in August, 1862. The High Gothic Revival church was greatly modified after an 1888 fire that nearly destroyed the original structure: the original walls survived, badly burnt, but the interior was destroyed. Although the church was soon rebuilt at a cost of $16,000, the exterior displayed signs of fire for many years; only in 1915 was the damage hidden, as travelling German craftsmen covered it with the cut stone exterior that remains in place today.</p><br>
<p>Dominating the churchs facade is a square tower at the front; topped with a cupola above an arch-shaped trancery window, it is decorated with ornamental columns. Worshippers enter the church through a large doorway in the towers base. The tall Gothic Revival towers of many of these churches, including Nativity, has caused locals to nickname the region the "Land of the Cross-Tipped Churches."</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians have classified the Cross-Tipped Churches into four generations. Nativitys first parish church was typical of the first generation of churches, which were typically small frame buildings; only the brick St. Johns Church in Fryburg has survived from this generation without significant modifications. Nativity is one of the oldest second-generation churches, which were generally small rectangular brick buildings such as Holy Family; although it was built during the years of the first generation, it assumed its present condition after the 1888 fire.</p><br>
<h3>Rectory</h3><br>
<p>Located adjacent to the church to the east is a large rectory that was constructed in 1904. A square two-story building, its walls are of brick laid in a common bond; they rest on an ashlar foundation and are topped with a hip roof of asphalt shingles. Among its notable architectural features are a large dormer window above the first-story verandah porch, an imbricated gable with a Palladian window, and an octagonal tower on the houses northwestern corner. The buildings overall architecture is transitional between styles, with some Gothic Revival elements.</p><br>
<p>In the parish&#39;s first ten years, Mass was celebrated by errant priests who stayed at nearby convents during their visits; accordingly, there was no need for a rectory. Even after the parish was granted a settled pastor, he had no house; priests in the region typically lived at the nearby convents. This situation changed in the earliest years of the twentieth century, when an archiepiscopal directive required all parishes in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati to construct rectories for their pastors. The resulting houses are generally two-story rectangular brick structures with hip roofs and verandahs; the rectory at Cassella is one of the best-preserved examples of the period.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>Two former parish schools lie along Cassella-Montezuma Road, immediately south of the church. These one-room schools share several architectural features, including double round windows and double doors on their facades. Many parishes in the region built schools for their children; while many one-room schools have been demolished or greatly changed, others have been converted into parish halls or other non-scholastic types of buildings.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the establishment of the parish, the Sisters of the Precious Blood founded a convent approximately 0.5 mi south of Cassella. Built in 1850 and known as the "Gruenwald Convent," it once housed sixty nuns. This building no longer functions as a convent.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, Nativity Church and its rectory were recorded by the Ohio Historic Inventory, a historic preservation survey conducted by the Ohio Historical Society. Although the survey observed that no efforts were being made toward the preservation of the buildings, both were classified as being in good condition on the interior and the exterior, and no threats to their continued existence could be found. Two years later, the church and rectory were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places because of their well-preserved historic architecture. Thirty-two other properties, including twenty-five other churches, were listed on the Register at the same time as part of a multiple property submission of Precious Blood-related buildings in far western Ohio. Included among these buildings were the Gruenwald Convent and most of the other churches of the Marion Catholic Community; Precious Blood Church in Chickasaw was not included, but its school and rectory were listed.</p><br>
<p>The Holbrooke Hotel is located in Grass Valley, California, USA. It is notable as the oldest hotel that has been in continuous operation in California&#39;s Mother Lode. The hotel was built in 1862 in mid-19th century Mother Lode masonry architectural style, and incorporated the Golden Gate Saloon which has been in continuous operation since 1852.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building, constructed in 1852 by Stephen and Clara Smith, was a saloon, the Golden Gate Saloon. The following year, a single-story annex, the Exchange Hotel, was added at the back of the saloon. The fire of 1855 burned down the saloon, but it was rebuilt with fieldstone and a brick facade. The Exchange Hotel was caught in a fire in 1862, after which it was renovated into a two-story structure. In 1879, it was named the Holbrooke Hotel after the owner, D. P. Holbrooke. The hotel continues to be privately owned.</p><br>
<p>Several notable people stayed at the hotel including “Gentleman Jim” Corbett, Lotta Crabtree, Bob Fitzsimmons, Bret Harte, Jack London, Lola Montez, Emma Nevada, Mark Twain, and five US Presidents: Grover Cleveland, James Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, and Herbert Hoover.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hotel has 27 rooms and is 19,400 ft&sup2; in size. The hotel includes a restaurant whose chef gets mushrooms and wild lettuce from local State Park Rangers. The interior includes copper clad walls, mahogany wood, Italian alabaster, and marble. It is furnished with globe chandeliers, green library lamps, and clawfoot bathtubs. The bar in the saloon was shipped around Cape Horn. The hotel was featured on a September 2013 episode of Hotel Impossible and an April 2016 episode of The Dead Files.</p><br>
<h2>Historical landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Nevada County hotel became a California Historical Landmark, #914, on March 18, 1978. Another historical marker was placed on the building on September 25, 1965 by E Clampus Vitus.</p><br>
<p>Waveland, a historic estate located at 120 East Erksine Rd in Danville, Kentucky. The Waveland House is owned by Dr. Thad and Jane Overmyer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Waveland is the ancestral home of the Green family. It was built between 1797 and 1800 by Willis Green.</p><br>
<p>The Green lore, as related around Danville, in the Southern Bluegrass region of Kentucky, begins with Willis and Sarah Reed Green, the parents of John Green and grandparents of Thomas Marshall Green, whose direct descendants include Adlai Stevenson I, whose great-grandson is Adlai Stevenson IV.</p><br>
<p>Willis and Sarah, of Scotch-Irish descent, were born and reared in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, and were married near Danville in 1783. This is said to have been the first Christian marriage in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Willis had come to Kentucky in a surveying party, and had located for himself a tract of several thousand acres that struck his fancy a mile or two from the Danville settlement. Here he built, between 1797 and 1800, the fine large brick house for years called Waveland. The Willis Greens had twelve children, of whom the eldest, John, the lawyer, and the youngest, Lewis, the clergyman, are now most widely remembered.</p><br>
<p>Willis Green represented Kentucky County in the Virginia legislature, and later served also in Kentucky&#39;s own legislature. He held office, too, as clerk of the court of Lincoln County, which then included Danville and what is now Boyle County. History books note that he held other various important trusts and was one of the early valuable men of the Kentucky country.</p><br>
<p>Waveland was passed down from Willis Green to his son Lewis Warner Green, who is known as the fifth president of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>Among locals, particularly teenagers, the property is more commonly known as the Erskine Mansion and is the subject of many legends and ghost stories.</p><br>
<p>Riders Mills Historic District is a national historic district located at Chatham in Columbia County, New York. The district includes 20 contributing buildings, eight contributing structures, and one contributing site. It includes the remnants of the one thriving hamlet of Riders Mills, located along the Kinderhook Creek and largely wiped out by a flood in 1869. Most of the buildings are residential and date to the early- mid-19th century and reflect a variety of popular architectural styles such as Georgian and Greek Revival. In addition to residences, the district includes a schoolhouse and bridge. There are also eight known archaeological sites, mostly the foundations of mills and residences.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Clermont Civic Historic District is a national historic district located at Clermont in Columbia County, New York. The district includes one contributing building and one contributing site: the Clermont Town Hall and the Clermont Cemetery. Within the district boundaries, but listed separately are Clermont Academy and St. Luke&#39;s Church. The district unites the three buildings and cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Clermont Town Hall is a modest Queen Anne–style building constructed in 1894. It is one and one half stories, with a high-pitched gable roof and set on a low stone foundation. The Clermont Cemetery was established about 1850 and is next to St. Luke&#39;s Church. It includes approximately 300 burials, mostly dated from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Sixteen Mile District was a national historic district located near Clermont and Rhinebeck in Columbia County, New York. The district includes 233 contributing buildings that are associated with estates located along the east side of the Hudson River. A number of the buildings are located on the campus of Bard College, notably those associated with the estates of Blythewood and Ward Manor. Other notable intact estates within the district are Montgomery Place, Teviot, the Pynes, Callendar House, Edgewater, Rokeby, Mandara , Wilderstein, and Wildercliff. The Ferncliff estate includes a "casino" or tennis court building designed by Stanford White.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 1990, it was subsumed, along with the Clermont Estates Historic District, into the Hudson River Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Charles J. and Ingrid V.  Koebel House is a private house located at 203 Cloverly Road in Grosse Pointe Farms. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Industrialist Charles J. Koebel was the owner of the Koebel Diamond Tool Company. Charles and his wife Ingrid met Eliel Saarinen on a boat to Finland, and in 1937, they hired the architectural firm of Eliel and his son Eero Saarinen to design their Grosse Pointe Farms house. It was the first commission for the father-and-son Saarinen firm. The interior of the house was designed by Pipsan Saarinen Swanson, Eliels daughter, and the final plans for the house were prepared by J. Robert F. Swanson, Pipsans husband, in 1939. Construction on the house was completed in 1940.</p><br>
<p>James A. Kelly and Mariam C. Noland purchased the house from the Koebel family in 1985 and restored it to original condition.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Koebel House is a two-story, 5600 square-foot Modernist structure built from tan brick, with five bedrooms and a flat roof located on a corner lot. The house is essentially rectangular in plan, with the addition of a curved, projecting sun porch on the southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, The first-floor living room, dining room, and music room are all one space, enclosed with a curving interior wall with sculpture niches. The space is subdivided with sets of windows, while built-in seating at one end and a recessed ceiling at the other create individual spaces. The second floor housed five bedrooms and four bathrooms. An advanced electrical and sound system was built into the walls, and could be controlled from the master bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The house, with its strong external horizontal lines, is designed to be part of the landscape. The design of the house features the repeated use of circles inscribed in rectangles, and integrates the exterior architecture, sculpture, interior design, lighting, and furnishings, and represents the best of Modernist design.</p><br>
<p>Copake Iron Works Historic District is a national historic district located at Copake Falls in Columbia County, New York. The district includes 11 contributing buildings, three contributing sites, eight contributing structures, and three contributing objects. They are associated with the remaining vestiges of the Copake Iron Works, an iron extraction and production operation established in the mid-19th century. It includes the remains of a charcoal blast furnace , frame office and attached brick powder storage building, brick engine house and pattern shop, four frame workers houses, and a substantial Greek Revival dwelling. Also included in the district are a series of retaining walls, remnants of a cast-iron penstock, and a bridge abutment. Also located in the district is the previously listed Church of St. John in the Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Stuyvesant Falls Mill District is a national historic district located at Stuyvesant in Columbia County, New York. The district includes six contributing buildings, five contributing sites, and two contributing structures. They are the industrial sites and power sources from which the adjoining village of Stuyvesant Falls derived its livelihood. It includes the Upper and Lower Falls and mill dams; on the east bank of Kinderhook Creek the sites of a grist mill and paper mill, cotton mill, woolen mill complex and extant hydroelectric plant; west bank operations including three extant 19th century cotton mills and several dwellings. Also included is an iron truss bridge erected in 1899.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Galiuro Mountains are a large sky island mountain range of southeast Arizona, USA. It is a northerly mountain range in the Madrean Sky Islands region of southeast Arizona, northern Sonora in northwestern Mexico, and the extreme southwest  of New Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The range is noted for its height and ruggedness. The Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness encompasses the north perimeter of the range, and the large Galiuro Wilderness covers the central-south. To the south, the Galiuro Wilderness borders the Redfield Canyon Wilderness. A river valley borders the range to the southwest, and Aravaipa Creek and Valley border its northeast.</p><br>
<h2>Range overview</h2><br>
<p>The Galiuro Mountains are a northwest-southeast trending range. The moderately wide San Pedro Valley and River border its southwest, abutting the northeast of the large sky island Santa Catalina Mountains range. The more narrow canyon northeast is the Aravaipa Valley with Aravaipa Creek.</p><br>
<p>Mammoth, Arizona, northeast of Tucson and Oracle, is the closest city to the range on its northwest.</p><br>
<h3>Peaks and landforms</h3><br>
<p>The highest peak of the range is Bassett Peak at 7,663 ft. Other peaks from north-to-south: Black Butte at 4,573 ft, Sixtysix Peak, Mescal Peak, Horse Mountain at 6,225 ft, Maverick Mountain at 7,003 ft, China Peak, Topout Peak, Kennedy Peak at 7,549 ft, Sunset Peak, Bassett Peak at 7,663 ft, and Saddle Mountain at 6,167 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Paddington Reservoir was a water reservoir which accepted water from the Botany Swamps pumping station for supply to parts of Sydney between 1866 and 1899. In 2006 it was converted into a sunken garden and park known as the Paddington Reservoir Gardens or Walter Read Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as a site of State significance on 2 April 1999 with the following citation:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction and operation</h3><br>
<p>The plan for Paddington Reservoir began with the creation of the Botany Swamps water scheme in 1859. This water scheme, developed by Edward Bell and Will Wadsworth proposed a number of reservoirs at critical points around the city. Construction of the Paddington Reservoir was completed by 1866 and connected to the Botany Swamps pumping station. This offered a new source of water to elevated suburbs of Sydney which had up until then had only been serviced by wells and a water-cart service.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was constructed of brick with ironbark columns which were erected in mortises in stone foundations at the base of the reservoir. These columns supported cast iron beams which in-turn supported segmental arches which formed the roof of the structure.</p><br>
<p>However, due to its limited elevation, only the top five feet of water from the reservoir could be provided to buildings in excess of one storey. In order to reduce the load on the Botany Swamps pumping station, a further pumping station at the Crown Street Reservoir was commenced in 1875 which also assisted in the delivery of water to the Paddington Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 a second chamber was added to the Paddington Reservoir, dubbed the eastern chamber (with the original chamber being the western chamber) this increased the storage of the facility to meet the demands of the rapidly expanding city. In 1899 the facility was decommissioned following the completion of the larger and further elevated Centennial Park Reservoir.</p><br>
<h3>Post-reservoir</h3><br>
<p>The facility was used by the Sydney Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage (Water Board) as a storage facility, following its decommissioning, primarily storing pipes at the location. In 1910, the facility was used by the Water Board&#39;s Motor Branch for the storage of motor vehicles. In 1926 the facility was converted to provide additional storage for motor vehicles at which time several timber columns were removed and replaced with steel beams to allow for vehicle maneuvering. Water penetrated the roof at a later time, and a secondary roof was constructed below the existing roof to protect the vehicles housed at the facility.</p><br>
<p>The ex-reservoir was sold to Paddington Municipal Council in 1934 for £3750. The Water Board leased the eastern chamber of the facility and continued to use it for motor vehicle and general storage until the late 1950s. The western chamber was leased to a commercial motor garage operator in 1934 which led to the construction of a ramped entry from Oxford Street into the western chamber. During this period the roof of the facility was converted for use as a public reserve, allowing access to the roof for recreational purposes. This roof-top reserve was later named the Walter Read reserve.</p><br>
<p>In July 1990 part of the roof of the western chamber of the former-reservoir, still used as a motor vehicle service station, collapsed. This collapse in 1990 and a further collapse occurred as a result of corrosion of steel structure placed in 1926 to allow vehicle movement in the underground reservoir chambers. This caused the closure of the reserve atop the roof, and the service station below.</p><br>
<h2>Paddington Reservoir Gardens</h2><br>
<p>In 2006 architects Tonkin Zulaikha Greer and landscape architects JMD Design began work to conserve, restore and reuse the space of the then derelict Paddington Reservoir. The facility reopened in 2008 as a sunken garden with rooftop reserve above the preserved eastern chamber. The facility integrates the remains of the original brick, timber and iron structure with modern elements of sculptural, structural and functional significance which provide access to the sunken garden via stairs and an elevator as well as ramped access to the rooftop reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Harle is a small river in the district of Wittmund in East Frisia, a historic region in North Germany. Its entire course is within the borough of Wittmund and it discharges near Harlesiel through a Siel, a sluice in the dyke, into the North Sea. Near the village of Willen two headstreams Nordertief and Südertief join to form the Harle. Both tributaries are streams that originate in moor depressions in the neighbouring borough of Aurich.</p><br>
<p>The Harle runs eastwards past the town of Wittmund and then flows in meanders in a northerly direction. It passes Carolinensiel and discharges through a lock and a scoop wheel into Harlesiel Harbour and from there into the North Sea.</p><br>
<p>The Harle is popular with tourists for rowing and, in the harbours of Carolinensiel and Harlesiel, for boats and ferries. Harlesiel is a ferry port for trips to the island of Wangerooge.</p><br>
<p>Fort Brady was a frontier fort established in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan to guard against British incursions from Canada. The original location of the fort, known as Old Fort Brady, was along the Saint Mary&#39;s River. Fort Brady was located at this site from 1822 until 1893, when it was moved to a new location on higher ground, known as New Fort Brady. The fort was located at the new site from 1893 until its close in 1944. The site of Old Fort Brady was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1956 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971; New Fort Brady was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment of Fort Brady</h2><br>
<p>To enhance actual American control of the northwestern frontier against these incursions, especially in the wake of the War of 1812 against the British, the War Department decided to establish several forts along the Great Lakes. Despite several treaties with the British clearly establishing American sovereignty over Michigan Territory, British forces made occasional to frequent incursions from Canada. In 1820, Lewis Cass, governor of Michigan Territory, negotiated the cession of sixteen square miles along the Saint Mary&#39;s River (connecting Lake Superior with Lake Huron) from the Chippewa Nation.</p><br>
<p>In July 1822, Colonel Hugh Brady, with Headquarters and Companies A,B,D,I and K of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, traveled to the Sault to re-assert American authority over the region and establish a garrison there. By the end of the year, Brady had established a fort on a ten-acre site overlooking St. Marys River. The garrison at the fort protected exclusive American sovereignty over the northern frontier.</p><br>
<h2>"Old" Fort Brady</h2><br>
<p>This original fort consisted of a rectangular stockade of cedar posts, with two blockhouses placed at opposite corners. garrison field, and cemetery were all located outside the stockade. The entire site covered 26 acres.</p><br>
<h2>Intermission</h2><br>
<p>The American military presence at Fort Brady counteracted the influence of the British over the region, and their incursions ceased. The success of Colonel Hugh Brady at this mission earned him a promotion to brigadier general. No further armed conflict against the British occurred in the region, and the importance of Fort Brady was reduced. During the 1846–48 Mexican–American War, the Army withdrew troops and the fort was manned by Michigan volunteers. After the conclusion of the war, the volunteers left, and the fort was unoccupied until mid-1849, when US troops returned. The army again abandoned the fort in 1857, when, in response to potential hostilities, the troops were transferred to Fort Snelling in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>However, realizing the locks were ripe for sabotage, the Army reoccupied Fort Brady in 1866, with the protection of state locks and canals as the center of the garrisons mission. By this time the buildings and stockade of the original fort were badly dilapidated, and the entire fort was enlarged and rebuilt, with only two structures, the officers quarters (changed to a hospital) and guardhouse (changed to a bakery), remaining.</p><br>
<p>In about 1870, the fort consisted of</p><br>
<p>a two-story barracks, 120 ft by 24 ft</p><br>
<p>kitchen</p><br>
<p>commissary</p><br>
<p>bakery (built in 1822 as a guard house)</p><br>
<p>guardhouse, 24 ft by 22 ft, built in 1867</p><br>
<p>hospital (built in 1822 as officer&#39;s quarters)</p><br>
<p>commanding officer&#39;s quarters, 32 ft by 42 ft</p><br>
<p>staff officer&#39;s quarters, 52 ft by 56 ft, built in 1866</p><br>
<h2>Transition</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1800s, the shipping canal at Sault Ste. Marie was widened, and the original site of Fort Brady was no longer deemed adequate. General Philip Sheridan selected a more strategic site nearby, on higher ground, and in 1886 work began on constructing a new fort. The new fort, known as "New Fort Brady," was completed in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The old fort grounds were platted by Assistant Quartermaster George S. Hoyt, and in 1894 sections were auctioned off. In 1909–1910 a post office was built on the site. There is now no visible trace remaining of the original fort. However, archaeologists have found evidence of three walls in the area, and a small re-creation of the stockade wall marks the original location of the fort. In 1970 the site of Old Fort Brady was declared surplus by the US government.</p><br>
<h2>"New" Fort Brady</h2><br>
<p>The original site of New Fort Brady consisted on 64 buildings sited on 73 acres. They are:</p><br>
<p>Officers Row: The officers row houses were constructed in the 1890s or early 1900s as housing for the garrisons officers, including the commanding officer. The commandants quarters is now the residence of the president of Lake Superior State University. Other officer&#39;s row houses include the student residences now known as Ontario Hall, Huron Hall, Chippewa Hall, and Laker Hall; as well as The Native American Center (Eskoonwid Endaad) and Hillside House, which houses the Admissions Office.</p><br>
<p>Guardhouse: The guardhouse was built in the 1890s as a guardhouse and stockade. It is now known as East Hall, and is occupied by the Music Department.</p><br>
<p>Infantry Barracks: The infantry barracks were constructed in 1903 to house infantry soldiers. The barracks were originally two identical buildings; the second was destroyed by fire in the 1960s. The remaining barracks building is now known as South Hall, and houses the College of Business and Economics.</p><br>
<p>Post Headquarters: The post headquarters was built in the early 1900s as officers housing and headquarters. It is now known as "Brown Hall," and houses Lake Superior States Department of Education.</p><br>
<p>Fire House: The fire house was built in the early 1900s. It is now the Child Care Center.</p><br>
<p>Post Office: The post office was built in 1920 to house the fort&#39;s post office and quartermaster troops. The building was remodeled in the 1940s into an office building, and is now known as the Administration Building. The structure houses the Offices of the President, Provost, and Employee Relations.</p><br>
<p>East Gate: The East Gate and associated gatehouse were constructed in 1921 as the main entrance to the fort. The gatehouse now houses electrical equipment.</p><br>
<p>WACS Barracks: This structure constructed in the 1930s to serve as barracks for the Women&#39;s Army Corps. It is now used as a residence hall, and is known as Brady Hall, so named in honor of the first commander of Fort Brady.</p><br>
<p>Gymnasium: The gymnasium was built in the 1930s as a gymnasium. The building was used by Lake Superior State for athletic events and other school functions until 1976. The building, now known as the Fletcher Center, was then converted to house university offices, including Student Services, Financial Aid and the Registrar.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>The primary responsibility of the post at New Fort Brady was to protect the canal. Troops from the fort assisted during civil unrest in 1894, and during the Spanish–American War of 1898, two thousand troops passed through the fort for training.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, 15,000 troops lived at Fort Brady,</p><br>
<p>However, in 1944, even before the end of World War II, however, the Army decided to close the fort as surplus. In 1946, the Army gave the fort to the Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now Michigan Technological University), who established a branch campus at the site. After renovation, the fort was sold to Lake Superior State College (now Lake Superior State University). Many of the original buildings have been replaced, but the major buildings of New Fort Brady have been well-maintained and form the heart of the campus. These buildings are now row houses, the Administration building, Fletcher Center, Brady Hall, South Hall, Brown Hall, East Hall and the Child Care Center.</p><br>
<p>The Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion, also known as the Jemison–Van de Graaf–Burchfield House, is a historic house in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. The structure remained a private residence until 1955, when it served first as a library, then publishing house offices, and lastly as a historic house museum. The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1972, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 26-room Italianate mansion was designed by architect John Stewart for Robert Jemison, Jr., a local planter, politician, and businessman. Stewart was with the Philadelphia architectural firm of Sloan and Stewart at the time, partnered with Samuel Sloan. Construction began in 1859, as the nearby Alabama State Hospital for the Insane, designed by Sloan, neared completion. Stewart was in Tuscaloosa supervising the construction of the hospital. Jemison had been a significant political force in getting the Alabama Legislature to locate the proposed Alabama Insane Hospital in Tuscaloosa, since the state capital had been relocated to Montgomery in 1846.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the mansion continued into the early years of the American Civil War, being primarily completed in 1862. Although some items were never completed as planned due to the war and the resulting Union blockade of the South, the house made use of the latest technology. This included an elaborate plumbing system which featured running water, flush toilets, a hot water boiler, and a copper bathtub. This was some of the earliest modern plumbing in the state. The property also had its own coal gas plant, which provided the mansion with gas lighting and fueled a kitchen stove.</p><br>
<p>Jemison died at the mansion on October 16, 1871. The property remained in the hands of his descendants into the 20th century. Robert Jemisons best-known descendant, Robert Jemison Van de Graaff, was born there in 1901. The house was sold to J.P. and Nell Burchfield in 1945, who would later complete the first major restoration. Following their ownership it was converted to use as Tuscaloosas Friedman Public Library from 1955 until 1979. Once the library had relocated it came to be occupied by two national publications, first Horizon and then Antique Monthly. Finally, it was acquired by the Jemison–Van de Graaff Mansion Foundation in 1991. Since that time it has been fully restored and is now operated as a historic house museum and event location.</p><br>
<p>Keawaiki Bay is on the western coast of Hawaiʻi Island.</p><br>
<p>It is the site of a residential complex built for Francis Hyde ʻĪʻī Brown (1892–1976) who was a champion golf player and legislator.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bay is located at 19&deg;53&prime;16&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;54&prime;22&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The area to the north was covered by an 1859 lava flow from Mauna Loa. It was the site of an ancient temple (heiau) and settlement of ancient Hawaii destroyed by the 1859 eruption.</p><br>
<p>Brown was a grandson of native Hawaiian historian and judge John Papa ʻĪʻī. His mother was</p><br>
<p>Irene Kahalelaukoa ʻĪʻī (1869–1922), and father was Charles Augustus Brown (born 1856).</p><br>
<p>He was born in Honolulu September 16, 1892 and attended Punahou School and Fessenden School in West Newton, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The lands that John ʻĪʻī had been awarded were put into a trust called the John ʻĪʻī Estate, Limited.</p><br>
<p>After his parents divorced in 1898 his mother remarried, which was the subject of a lawsuit due to ambiguity in the original will.</p><br>
<p>During World War I Brown served as an ambulance driver in France.</p><br>
<p>He married Stephanie Wichman in Honolulu on January 30, 1919.</p><br>
<p>He became an involved in several sports, including baseball, swimming, tennis, polo, and golf.</p><br>
<p>He won the Hawaiian Amateur golf championship nine times. In 1924 he set a course record at the Old Course at St Andrews and in 1927 he set the course record at Pebble Beach Golf Links.</p><br>
<p>As a member of the Republican Party of Hawaii, he was elected to the Territory of Hawaii house of representatives in 1925, and the senate from 1927 through 1947, except when an automobile accident in 1935 prevented him from participating in 1936.</p><br>
<p>He purchased 15 acre on Keawaiki Bay from the territory between 1926 and 1931 as the houses were constructed. Buildings include a main house with two bedrooms, two guest houses, a caretaker house, and other structures. They were built from local lava rock. Swimmer Duke Kahanamoku spent his honeymoon in a guest house and helped design swimming pools on the property.</p><br>
<p>Helen Desha Beamer composed a song about Keawaiki.</p><br>
<p>In 1932 Brown also bought a small cottage built for James Frank Woods and Eva Parker at Kalahuipuaʻa about 8 mi to the north. The cottage is preserved as a museum in the Mauna Lani resort.</p><br>
<p>The resort named its golf course for Brown.</p><br>
<p>The Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail runs past the property.</p><br>
<p>The complex was abandoned during World War II in 1941, and Keawaiki was sold to nephew Zadoc White Brown (1917–2006).</p><br>
<p>Zadoc Brown founded the first mutual fund in Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>Several animal pens near the beach were destroyed in the April 1, 1946 tsunami.</p><br>
<p>Until 1974 the only access to the bay was by boat or on foot. A private unpaved road now leads from the Hawaii Belt Road that runs inland of the bay.</p><br>
<p>In August and September 1974 Zadoc Browns son Lawrence Brown, along with Steve Siegfried and Witt Shingle (Panini Records) brought slack key guitar masters Gabby Pahinui, Atta Isaacs and Sonny Chillingworth to record the "Gabby Pahinui Hawaiian Band" albums in the main house at Keawaiki Bay. Gabbys music was a big part of the Hawaiian Cultural Renaissance of the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>Brown died in 1976 in Pebble Beach, California.</p><br>
<p>He was called "Mr. Golf of Hawaiʻi" when inducted into the Hawaii Sports Hall of fame.</p><br>
<p>City Hall in Meridian, Mississippi in the United States is located at 601 24th Avenue. Originally designed by architect P.J. Krouse in 1915, the building underwent several renovations during the 1950s that diminished the historic quality of the building. City Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and as a Mississippi Landmark in 1988. After complaints of a faulty HVAC system, the building underwent a restoration to its original 1915 appearance beginning in September 2006. The project was originally estimated to cost $7–8 million and last two years. Because of several factors including the building&#39;s listings on historic registers, a lawsuit filed by a subcontractor, and unforeseen structural problems, the final cost and duration of the renovation far exceeded original estimates. The renovation was completed in January 2012 at a total cost projected to reach around $25 million after interest on debt.</p><br>
<p>The building is home to many city offices, including that of Percy Bland, the current mayor of Meridian.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the current city hall was built in 1915, the city government operated out of a building built in 1885 and designed by Gustav Torgenson, the same architect that designed the Riley Center in 1889. Architects R.H. Hunt, C.L. Hutchisson, and P.J. Krouse competed for the chance to design the new city hall in March 1914. Krouse was chosen to design the building on April 15, 1914, and Hutchisson was named the consulting architect. C.O. Craft is listed as the superintendent of the building, C.H. Miller as the superintendent for the architect, and Hancock & MacArthur are listed as contractors.</p><br>
<p>The building was originally built in the Beaux Arts style. There were no major alterations to the building until the 1950s, when modern conveniences were added. Air conditioning was added to the building, necessitating drop ceilings to make room for the ducts, which obscured the original plaster moulding in the interior. Wood panelling was added to create more offices out of the large chambers present in the original design, and mahogany windows were replaced with aluminum ones. Windows on the ground floor were filled with concrete during the 1950s as well. City governments, believing they were making improvements to the building, actually harmed it or diminished its historical value. Terracotta tiles were painted over, which trapped moisture inside the tiles and caused parts of the building to rot. Scagliola columns were painted blue, wood and marble floors were covered with linoleum, and the grand staircase was replaced with an elevator.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and as a Mississippi Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>By 2003, some city workers had complained about faulty HVAC systems in the building. The city then hired consultants to repair the systems, but they found so many other problems with the building that the city decided to renovate the entire building. The city began planning the operation in 2005, and the first bonds to finance the renovation were sold in 2006. The renovation was split up into four phases: planning, selective demolition, exterior renovation, and interior renovation. The first phase took place in 2005 before construction began. Phase II began in 2006, Phase III began in 2007, and Phase IV began in 2009. During the renovation, temporary City Hall was located at 2412 7th Street.</p><br>
<p>During Phase III, the terracotta tiles on the exterior were methodically replaced, cross and jack sunscreens were returned to their original black shade, and the fountain constructed on the front lawn in the 1950s was replaced. The renovation was awarded the Masonry Construction Online Project of the Year Award for 2009.</p><br>
<p>By March 2010, two of three fire stairs had been installed, and the elevator shaft had been moved to make way for a marble staircase. In September 2011, most electrical and mechanical systems had been installed, and only minor details on the inside of the building were missing. Several handrails and a few panes of glass had not yet been installed, as well as minor details such as paint and finish. Exterior landscaping was farther behind, partially because it was not part of the original plan laid out by former mayor John Robert Smith.</p><br>
<p>An open house was held on January 31, 2012, after the building was completed, and the first post-restoration meeting of the city council was held on February 21.</p><br>
<h3>Cost and Funding</h3><br>
<p>The original estimate of the cost was $7–8 million, which would be paid for by a single general obligation bond of $10 million that was also supposed to fund the construction of a new fire station and several smaller projects. By 2010, that estimate had more than doubled to $17 million. One reason for the increase was unforeseen necessary repairs, such as iron supports that had rusted to less than half their original size and a damaged drainage system. The building&#39;s listing on the National Register of Historic Places also increased cost. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) required that anything salvageable from the original building must be repaired and reused rather than replaced. The terracotta tiles on the outside of the building, if not salvaged, were required to be replaced with exact replicas, and only two companies in the world could make them. In some cases, MDAH forced the city to spend more than they planned for historical accuracy. For example, the city had originally planned to install relatively cheap windows painted to look like the 1915 originals, but MDAH required the city to buy more expensive mahogany.</p><br>
<p>By September 2011, the cost of the renovation was tagged at $17,224,230. The eventual cost of the renovation is projected to approach $25.2 million, with $8 million paid in interest and fees on debt. Cost breakdown is as follows:</p><br>
<p>$8,542,000 for interior renovation and landscaping</p><br>
<p>$6,462,253 for exterior renovation</p><br>
<p>$1,234,244 (as of September 2011) for design</p><br>
<p>$544,075 for selective demolition</p><br>
<p>$300,000 for interior furnishings</p><br>
<p>$126,102 (as of September 2011) for a historic finishes consultant</p><br>
<p>$15,556 other</p><br>
<p>Each phase of construction is financed individually, but the original $10 million bond in 2006 was enough to cover the first three phases of construction. For Phase IV, the city received a block grant from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act totaling $182,400 for the installation of energy efficient equipment in the building. A second $10 million bond was acquired to pay for the remaining costs.</p><br>
<h3>Delays</h3><br>
<p>The unforeseen structural problems and the strictness of MDAH not only increased the cost of the project, but they also continued to push back the estimated date of completion. When the renovation began in 2006, it was expected to take only two years. Phase III took longer than expected because of the historical standards imposed by MDAH. Since only two companies in the world could make the terracotta tiles for the exterior of the building, there was a long wait for them. By March 2010, the scheduled completion date was February 2011.</p><br>
<p>Another hiccup in the renovation process was a lawsuit filed by EverGreene Architectural Arts, one of the projects subcontractors, against Panola Construction, the general contractor, and B.B. Archer, the architect. Evergreene claimed that negligent and incompetent actions had led to cost increases and scheduling delays for both Evergreene and the city. Archer characterized Evergreenes work as "shoddy" and "falling apart." As a result of this controversy, the scheduled completion date was pushed back to May 23, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>After restoration</h2><br>
<p>The restoration was completed in January 2012, and Cheri Barry announced the holding of an open house for the building on January 31. The open house included guest speakers such as former mayor Jimmy Kemp, state commissioner Dick Hall, and several members of the design team. Attendees were given a historical tour of the building, and a reception was held in the third floor ballroom with music, art, and refreshments.</p><br>
<p>The completed building matches the original architectural drawings as much as possible while still conforming to modern building codes. The panelling used to create small offices was removed, and the rooms are in the same places they were in 1915. All vinyl and plastic were removed from the interior and replaced with historic materials like wood, marble, plaster, and glass. A set of fire stairs on all three floors was added, and the elevator was moved to a different location to make way for a restored grand staircase of marble. Other interior changes include replacing the aluminum windows added in the 1950s with mahogany replicas of the originals, removing vinyl flooring to expose the original oak and marble beneath, and replacing aluminum doors and unsightly fluorescent lights.</p><br>
<p>The renovated building is also more energy efficient. Automatic lighting controls, insulated glass, efficient HVAC systems, and shades that automatically lower to keep out sunlight at specific times of day were added. The HVAC system is housed in a mechanical building across the street.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the building houses the Human Resources department, the Information Technology department, and a conference room. The third floor originally housed an auditorium with a large stage and the Community Development department. The auditorium was rebuilt, though smaller in size than the original, and serves as a public space available to be rented for receptions and as the city council chambers. A kitchen for event catering was constructed beside the auditorium, and the floor also contains office space and a conference room.</p><br>
<p>Rosss Landing in Chattanooga, Tennessee, is the last site of the Cherokees 61-year occupation of Chattanooga and is considered to be the embarkation point of the Cherokee removal on the Trail of Tears. Ross&#39;s Landing Riverfront Park memorializes the location, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The landing was named for John Ross, later principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. In 1816 Ross settled at the site along the Tennessee River above Chattanooga Creek. There he established a trading post on the northern border of the Cherokee Nation, across the river from the United States of America. This area became known as "Rosss Warehouse," and "Rosss Ferry" (and alternatively, "Ross&#39;s Landing"). It was known to those passing through the area to have the best conditions for a river flatboat crossing. Ross operated a swing ferry across the river that was anchored on McClellan Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1826 Ross sold his land to a Methodist minister, Nicholas Dalton Scales, in order to move to Georgia to be closer to the political center of the Cherokee Nation.</p><br>
<p>When the United States government took over all the Cherokee owned lands in 1837, the "Removal" to Indian Territory began—known as the "Trail of Tears"—during which the Cherokee in several southeastern states were driven from their homes. Groups of the natives were staged at various camps, including east of Rosss Landing, for their coming expulsion west. On June 6, 1838, over 1500 Cherokee departed from Ross’s Landing in steamboats and barges. A final group of Cherokee left in the Fall of 1838, forced to walk due to the falling levels of water in the river caused by a drought. The westward march of the Cherokee claimed several hundred lives, including Ross wife, Quatie.</p><br>
<p>The name, "Ross&#39;s Landing," was changed to "Chattanooga" by American settlers who took over the land after the Removal.</p><br>
<h2>Current landmark</h2><br>
<p>Rosss Landing is memorialized at Rosss Landing Riverfront Park on the banks of the Tennessee River where the city of Chattanooga was established. That site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 2005, a $61 million project to improve the Tennessee public parks was started, which included the redevelopment of Ross’s Landing Park. A pedestrian path connects Ross&#39;s Landing Riverfront Park to the Tennessee Aquarium. A wall along the walkway contains an art installation that symbolizes the path that Cherokee followed on their forced relocation to Oklahoma. Created by Gadugi, a group of five Cherokee artists from Oklahoma, the installation features seven large carved and glazed clay medallions set into the walkway wall. The medallions represent different aspects of Cherokee history, religious beliefs, and struggles with white settlers.</p><br>
<p>Samaria  was an ancient city in the Land of Israel. It was the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. The ruins of the city are located in the Samaria mountains of the West Bank and are under the jurisdiction of the Israel National Parks Authority.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Israelite Shomron (lit. "watch-tower&quot also written "Shomeron") was located in the heart of the mountains of Samaria, a few miles northwest of Shechem. The ruins of the Israelite town, as well the ruins of towns built at this same location later in history, are all adjacent or within the modern Palestinian village of Sebastia.</p><br>
<p>The "hill of Shomron" is an oblong hill, with steep but not inaccessible sides, and a long flat top. According to biblical tradition, Omri, the king of the northern kingdom of Israel (reigned c. 870s BC), purchased this hill from Shemer its owner for two talents of silver, and built on its broad summit the city to which he gave the name of "Shomron", i.e., Samaria, as the new capital of his kingdom instead of Tirzah. As such it possessed many advantages. Omri resided here during the last six years of his reign.</p><br>
<p>According to biblical tradition, it appears Omri granted the Arameans the right to "make streets in Samaria" as a sign of submission. This probably meant permission was granted to the Aramean merchants to carry on their trade in the city. This would imply the existence of a considerable Aramean population.</p><br>
<p>It was the only great city of Israel created by the sovereign. All the others had been already consecrated by patriarchal tradition or previous possession. But Samaria was the choice of Omri alone. He, indeed, gave to the city which he had built the name of its former owner, but its especial connection with himself as its founder is proved by the designation which it seems Samaria bears in Assyrian inscriptions, "Beth-Khumri" ("the house or palace of Omri"). (Stanley)</p><br>
<p>According to Biblical tradition, Samaria was frequently besieged. In the days of Ahab, Benhadad II came up against it with thirty-two vassal kings, but was defeated with a great slaughter. A second time, next year, he assailed it; but was again utterly routed, and was compelled to surrender to Ahab, whose army, as compared with that of Benhadad, was no more than "two little flocks of kids."</p><br>
<p>Biblical tradition also holds that in the days of Jehoram, Benhadad again laid siege to Samaria. But just when success seemed to be within their reach, they suddenly broke off the siege, alarmed by a mysterious noise of chariots and horses and a great army, and fled, leaving their camp with all its contents behind them. The famished inhabitants of the city were soon relieved from the abundance of the spoil of the Syrian camp; and it came to pass, according to the word of Elisha, that "a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the gates of Samaria".</p><br>
<h3>Assyrian invasion</h3><br>
<p>During the reign of the last king of the northern kingdom, Hoshea, the Assyrians invaded in 722/721 BC. (initially under Shalmaneser V and finally under Sargon II) when they established complete control over the capital city and the remainder of the northern kingdom. The fragment of a stela with an Assyrian inscription attributed to Sargon II was found on the eastern slope of the acropolis testifying to their presence. In addition, according to inscriptions from Sargon&#39;s palace at Khorsabad, the inhabitants of Samaria were deported to Assyria.</p><br>
<p>Also,</p><br>
<p>The remains of a wall relief in Room 5 of Sargon&#39;s palace is thought to depict Samaria and its defeated defenders. New inhabitants were brought in (from Kutha and the Syro-Mesopotamian area, ) and they formed a new Samaritan population, also known as Cuthim. The city together with the neighboring highland area became known as Samerina and was ruled by an Assyrian governor. There are only meager remains from the succeeding Babylonian period and it was only in the Persian period, in the mid 5th century, that the city reemerged in importance. The tensions between the ruling family of Sanballat and Jerusalem under the governorship of Nehemiah are documented in the Bible. Samaria became a Hellenistic town in 332 BC and thousands of Macedonian soldiers were settled there following a revolt by the Samaritans. Three 13 m diameter round towers dating to that period have been excavated (the first two by Harvard who attributed them to the Israelite period) and a later, massive, fortification wall with square towers. These fortifications were breached during the destruction of the city by John Hyrcanus in 108. Traces of the destruction wrought by Hyrcanus were found by the excavators, but the city was apparently resettled under Alexander Yannai. In 63 BC Samaria was annexed to the Roman province of Syria.</p><br>
<h3>Sebaste</h3><br>
<p>In 30 BC the emperor Augustus awarded the city to Herod the Great who renamed it Sebaste (סבסטי), in honor of Augustus ("Sebaste" is the feminine form of Gr. Sebastos=Augustus). The outstanding remains from this period are; the Augusteum, consisting of a temple and a large forecourt built over the Omride palace at the summit of the acropolis; a city gate and an east-west colonnaded street; a theater on the north-east slope of the acropolis; a Temple to Kore on a terrace north of the acropolis, and a stadium to the north-east in the valley below. East of the acropolis, and in an area that today links the ancient city with the modern village of Sebastia, lies the forum flanked on the west by a partially excavated basilica. Water for Roman Sebaste was provided by an underground aqueduct that led into the area of the forum from springs in the east. The city was encompassed by a city wall 2½ miles (4 km) long, with imposing towers that linked the gateways in the west and north. A number of mausoleums with ornate sarcophagi were excavated in the area of the modern village and adjoining fields.</p><br>
<h3>New Testament</h3><br>
<p>In it is recorded that Philip the Evangelist went down to the city of Samaria and preached the Christian gospel and healed the sick there. Simon the Magician, a noted sorcerer, was among those converted.</p><br>
<h3>Roman reconstruction and later</h3><br>
<p>The city was rebuilt without any major changes in the 2nd century AD by Septimius Severus when the city was established as a colony. Samaria has been associated with John the Baptist, whose body was believed to be buried there.</p><br>
<p>In about August 362 AD, in continuation of his policy against Christianity, Roman emperor Julian, more commonly known as Julian the Apostate and who was based in Antioch, in the course of the Persian expedition, ordered the destruction of the tomb of John the Baptist and the cremation of his body; the event was recorded by historian and theologian Tyrannius Rufinus. A small basilica church, first founded in the 5th century, was excavated on the southern slope of the acropolis. The church was believed to be the burial place of the head of John the Baptist. A monastery was added to it at a later date. In the 12th century AD, a Latin (i.e. Western or Catholic) cathedral also dedicated to John the Baptist was built east of the Roman forum and combined elements of the Roman period city wall. It later became the Sebaste village mosque, the Nabi Yahya Mosque ("mosque of the Prophet John"), preserving the old Christian tradition.</p><br>
<h3>Modern era</h3><br>
<p>In 1867, visitors found the village to have a population of 400, almost all Moslems.</p><br>
<p>In late 1976, the Israeli settlers movement, Gush Emunim, attempted to establish a settlement at the Ottoman train station. The Israeli government did not approve and the group that was removed from the site would later found the settlement of Elon Moreh adjacent to Nablus/Shechem.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site was first excavated by the Harvard Expedition, initially directed by Gottlieb Schumacher in 1908 and then by George Andrew Reisner in 1909 and 1910; with the assistance of architect C.S. Fisher and D.G. Lyon.</p><br>
<p>The second expedition was known as the Joint Expedition, a consortium of 5 institutions directed by John Winter Crowfoot between 1931 and 1935; with the assistance of Kathleen Mary Kenyon, Eliezer Sukenik and G.M. Crowfoot. The leading institutions were the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, the Palestine Exploration Fund, and the Hebrew University. In the 1960s small scale excavations directed by Fawzi Zayadine were carried out on behalf of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan.</p><br>
<h3>Israelite city, Building Period I (Omri)</h3><br>
<p>Only the acropolis of Samaria has been extensively excavated down to the bedrock. The palace was excavated solely by the Harvard Expedition and recognized by them as the Palace of Omri (designated Building Period I). The Omride palace was located on an elevated 4 meter high rock-cut platform that isolated it from its immediate surroundings. While immediately below the palace, cut into the face of the bedrock platform, there are two rock-cut tomb chambers that have only recently been recognized and attributed to Omri and Ahab. West of the palace there are meager remains of other Building Period I buildings but much of the rock surface has been severely damaged by later buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Israelite city, Building Period II</h3><br>
<p>The Omride palace continued in use during the next building phase (designated Building Period II), but it was no longer isolated on an elevated platform. The acropolis area was extended in all direction by the addition of a massive perimeter wall built in the casemate style; the new enlarged rectangular acropolis measured c. 290 ft. (90 m.) from north to south and at least c. 585 ft. (180 m.) from west to east (that is a capacity of approximately 7,500 persons by current fire standards), and the surface was now raised to a uniform elevation by the addition of a massive fill. This phase (Building Period II) was traditionally attributed to Ahab due to the misallocation of Wall 161 that run parallel to the northern casemates and the identification of a large rock-cut pool near the northern casemate wall as the Biblical "Pool of Samaria&quot the wall (Wall 161) is now recognized to belong to Building Period II and the "pool" is a rock-cut grape-treading area that originated in Building Period 0 and continued in a reduced form in Building Period I. Consequently, the onset of Building Period II can only be relatively fixed. There is neither a biblical anchor nor securely dated pottery to establish the chronological affiliation of Building Period II.</p><br>
<p>The Omride Palace was still in use and the royal tombs were still accessible (now via subterranean rooms) and there was an administrative building the Ostraca House (due to the 63 ostraca retrieved from the floor&#39;s make-up) built west of the palace on the newly extended acropolis. The ostraca provide a wealth of data concerning oil and wine supplies, and can possibly be attributed to the period of Jeroboam II c. 785–749, thus providing a probable date for Building Period II. North of the palace a rich cache of Phoenician ivories were retrieved, these were mixed with later debris but it was presumed by the excavators that it was in this area that the "Ivory House" that Ahab built for Jezebel 1 Kings 22:39 stood. North-east and below the acropolis a number of Iron Age tombs were found and their location probably delimits the area of the city in that direction. In essence only the acropolis was excavated down to the Iron Age but it is presumed by the excavators that the city extended down over the northern and southern slopes of the hill.</p><br>
<p>Palasip Qaqqaa  is a 544 m mountain in the Qeqqata municipality in western Greenland. It is located on the mainland of Greenland on the coast of Davis Strait, immediately to the north of Sisimiut Airport.</p><br>
<p>The mountain massif is spread out over 4 km in the west-east direction, constituting the terminal point of a long mountain range extending from the Pingu mountain group halfway between Davis Strait and the Greenland ice sheet (Sermersuaq). The range flattens considerably towards the east in the area of Kangaamiut dike swarm north of Kangerlussuaq, due to pressure exerted by the icesheet for long periods in the past.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Palasip Qaqqaa has two distinct summits: the western (466 m) and the main, eastern summit, culminating in two peaks at 544 m. The summits are separated by a depression of a very wide saddle. The massif is separated from the remainder of the ridge via several indistinctive saddles in the east.</p><br>
<p>The southern wall of Palasip Qaqqaa − the only wall of alpine character in the massif − is bissected by a chimney between the main summit and the slightly lower trabant to the west. It is the only part of the massif of interest to mountaineers.</p><br>
<p>Past the southern pillar falling directly from the summit, the wall gradually peters out into a progressively less steep rocky and grassy slope. The northern slope is not steep and is accessible via a range of routes.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The main summit is often visited for its long-range view of the coast, through a winding path from the south. The path crosses several barriers, from grassy at the bottom, to rocky at the top. The path disappears in the depression between the last barrier and the southern slope of the main ridge to the east of the southern pillar, to reappear as a lateral ledge in the slope below the eastern ridge.</p><br>
<p>The entire massif apart from the southern wall is easily accessible, while the southern pillar of the main summit and the small northern wall of the western summit offer many short routes for climbers.</p><br>
<p>You can take a virtual tour on the entire trail from start to the top, with full (360x360) panoramic images.</p><br>
<p>Nasaasaaq  is a 784 m high prominent mountain in the Qeqqata municipality in western Greenland. It is located on the mainland of Greenland, immediately to the southeast of Sisimiut on the northern coast of Amerloq Fjord, a tributary of Davis Strait.</p><br>
<p>The mountain massif is spread out over 6 km in the west-east direction, constituting the terminal point of a long mountain range extending from the Pingu mountain group halfway between Davis Strait and the Greenland ice sheet (Sermersuaq). The range flattens considerably towards the east in the area of Kangaamiut dike swarm north of Kangerlussuaq, due to pressure exerted by the icesheet for long periods in the past. The Nasaasaaq ridge connects to the other latitudinal ridges approximately 15 km east of Sisimiut.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Nasaasaaq ridge has several summits. The main summit is the most prominent, rising over the remainder of the ridge in a tall 150 m cone at 784 m. The ridge terminates in a 611 m trabant overlooking Sisimiut.</p><br>
<p>To the east the ridge gradually falls to nearly 300 m, before turning east-north-east towards the Aappilattorsuaq massif. The southern wall of Nasaasaaq falls directly to Amerloq Fjord.</p><br>
<p>The northern wall is not a uniform surface, dissected by ledges, dihedrals, and ramps. The main access route to the summit leads through one of the ramps to the saddle between the main summit and its western trabant. The passage on the top cone is secured by ropes for unprepared tourists.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The main summit is visited for its long-range view of the coast, although more limited to the north than that of Palasip Qaqqaa to the north of the town airport. An alternative route to the top of interest to mountaineeers leads through the hard to find low pass to the east of the main summit, and from there directly on the summit cone ridge.</p><br>
<h3>Polar Route</h3><br>
<p>The tough, 160 km long Arctic Circle Race takes place each winter, with the trail partially overlapping with the Polar Route from Sisimiut to Kangerlussuaq. The race was inaugurated in 1998, since then becoming an international competition. The Polar Route passes through the saddle between Nasaasaaq and the much lower Alanngorsuaq mountain to the north, with the summit of the latter sometimes visited by way of a variant. A small lift for downhill skiing is also installed on the saddle.</p><br>
<p>Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay  is a bay of the Davis Strait in the Qeqqata municipality on the western coast of Greenland. It is located directly to the north of Sisimiut.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bay branches off Davis Strait to the east, just north of Sisimiut. It is navigable in its entirety, protected from the open sea by a series of skerries and channels in the west. In the past, at the time of the Saqqaq culture settlements in the area, the bay extended further inland, the shoreline was up to several dozen meters above the present line, covering portions of the Sisimiut valley, and gradually decreasing in time due to post-glacial rebound.</p><br>
<p>To the north the bay is bounded by the Palasip Qaqqaa range. Sisimiut Airport is located at the far western end on the northern side, behind the several skerries and small islands of Qeqertarmiut and the Annertusoq skerry group protecting it from the storm waves of the open sea, and separating it from the mouth of Amerloq Fjord in the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The bay provides a sheltered waterway for the town of Sisimiut. Both the commercial port and the harbour are located on the southern shore of the bay, on the mainland. The bay is used for recreational yachting and boating. The Qeqqata municipality is planning the expansion of the residential area in Sisimiut in the 2010s, with the area north of the bay reserved for real estate. Several camping sites are scattered in Sisimiut valley at the head of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Amerloq Fjord is a 36 km long fjord in the Qeqqata municipality in western Greenland. The fjord empties into the Davis Strait just south of Sisimiut, whose former Inuit name was also "Amerloq".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Amerloq Fjord then known as Rammels Fjord was the scene of the Inuit murder of the Dano-English navigator James Hall on 12 or 22 July, 1612. The Inuit were still incensed at the Danish abduction of several people during one of Christian IVs expeditions in 1605, during which Hall served as pilot for John Cunningham.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The fjord mouth is located at approximately 66&deg;52&prime;N latitude, 53&deg;42&prime;W longitude south of the town of Sisimiut. To the north, the fjord is bounded by the Nasaasaaq ridge, whose massif is spread out over 6 km in the west-east direction, constituting the terminal point of a long mountain range extending from the Pingu mountain group halfway between Davis Strait and the Greenland ice sheet (Sermersuaq). The range flattens considerably towards the east in the area of Kangaamiut dike swarm north of Kangerlussuaq, due to pressure exerted by the icesheet for long periods in the past. The Nasaasaaq ridge connects to the other latitudinal ridges approximately 15 km east of Sisimiut, north of the fjord head located at approximately 66&deg;53&prime;30&Prime;N latitude, 52&deg;53&prime;30&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The head of the fjord is unusual in that it connects through a very narrow waterway to the wider Ikertooq Fjord. From the south, the fjord is bounded by the long Sarfannguit Island (Sarfannguit Nunataat) in the center and east, and by the smaller Maniitsorsuaq Island in the west. Qeqertarmiut and Annertusoq skerries separate the fjord mouth from Kangerluarsunnguaq Bay in the north.</p><br>
<h3>Settlements</h3><br>
<p>There are two settlements in the vicinity of Amerloq Fjord. At the mouth of the fjord, Sisimiut town reaches to the sea in its southernmost parts. At the other end of the fjord, at the narrow waterway between the mainland and Sarfannguit Island, the small Sarfannguit settlement occupies the island promontory.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Royal Arctic Line provides weekly ferry services from Sarfannguit to Sisimiut and Itilleq, a settlement further south on the coast of Davis Strait. The ships sail through the entire length of the fjord on the way.</p><br>
<p>Sisimiut is a port of call for the Arctic Umiaq Line, with connections to Ilulissat and Aasiaat in the Disko Bay region, and to coastal towns in southwestern and southern Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The Glenville School in what is now Glenvil, Nebraska, United States was built in 1903 and extended in 1924 and 1950. It is a simple two story brick building with classical details. It was designed by Lincoln architect Alfred W. Woods or his firm, and was built by Hempel Brothers. The school included an outdoor play area, which in 1903 was a new idea for rural schools.</p><br>
<p>Preceding the incorporation of Glenville as a settlement in 1873, Glenville&#39;s first school was organized during 1871-72. Like other rural schools, it was a wood frame building. In 1882, the building was demolished by a tornado and was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Glenville School served as a school from 1903 to 1995. It was the first substantial school in the small village of Glenville, which peaked in population at about 300 in the 1920s, and had declined to about half that in 1998 (although it had grown back to 310 in the 2010 census). It first served just Kindergarten through eighth grade, but 9th and 10th grades were added and, with the 1924 expansion, the school accommodated 11th and 12th grades. This created the Glenville High School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It was deemed significant "for its contribution to educational development in the small village."</p><br>
<p>Both the outdoor playground and the combination of all grades in one school were progressive interests of William K. Fowler, who started in 1900 as the state Superintendent of Public Instruction.</p><br>
<p>Two other Nebraska schools that combined elementary and high schools and are listed on the National Register are the 1897-built Valentine Public School in north central Nebraska and the Steele City School in southeastern Nebraska.</p><br>
<p>The Canal del Dique is a 118 km canal connecting Cartagena Bay  to the Magdalena River in the Bolívar Department in northern Colombia. Its eastern portion forms most of the border between the departments of Bolívar and Atlántico. The port on the Magdalena is Calamar. The canal was needed since the mouth of the Magdalena River  was virtually impenetrable, and Colombia&#39;s two main colonial ports  had no access to the river. It was built by the Spanish in 1582 but quickly fell into disrepair; it was rebuilt in 1650. However, by the end of the 18th century, it had become impassable except during times of high runoff, and by 1821 it was completely blocked. Thus, trade moved increasingly away from Cartagena to Santa Marta and Sabanilla . By 1831 traders in the city began to lobby for the canal&#39;s reopening, but repeated efforts to redredge the channel failed and by the end of the 19th century a railroad had replaced it.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 and 1952, the canal was improved, but use then began to decline due to increased sedimentation of the Magdalena River.</p><br>
<p>Currently, a modernization of the canal is being considered in order to boost trade in the port of Cartagena.</p><br>
<p>The canal figures prominently in Gabriel Garcia Marquez&#39;s novel Love in the Time of Cholera.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Wash  is a northern minor wash tributary to the west-flowing Bill Williams River. The wash drains from the western third of the Rawhide Mountains, and partially forms the southeast border of the wilderness at the northwest of the Rawhide&#39;s, the Aubrey Peak Wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Being part of the Basin and Range, the Rawhide Mountains are profiled in trail guides, specifically books focussed on geology. The Centennial Wash, Hike 30 is profiled in Hiking Arizonas Geology, as one of fifteen hikes in the "Basin and Range Province" of Arizona. The trail hike begins by jeep at Wikieup, Arizona on USA Route 93 in Arizona and proceeds west over the Hualapai Mountains. The trail hike traverses adjacent the Aubrey Peak Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The former Smith Tavern is located on Bedford Road  in the hamlet of Armonk, New York, United States. It is a red frame building dating to the late 18th century, one of the few left in a region that has rapidly suburbanized over the past century. The Smith family, for whom it is named, did not build it but owned it for most of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>It has seen many uses over its existence, most of them important to the development of the Town of North Castle. During the Revolutionary War it served as headquarters for the local militia. It was a frequent overnight stop for stagecoaches between New York City and Danbury, Connecticut. Later it was the post office and offices of the town clerk. Yale University owned it briefly, and it was also a parsonage for a nearby church. Two owners renovated it extensively, one reverting an addition made by the other. In 1977 it became the town&#39;s historical museum, and six years later it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The 2 acre lot the tavern sits on is located on the north side of Route 22, a north-south highway which runs closer to east-west at this point, paralleling the Connecticut state line. It is in a residential area of large and mostly wooded properties a half-mile north along the highway from a commercial area between the junctions with Byram Lake Road and NY 433. A church is to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>A small fieldstone wall separates the building from the road. It is a clapboard-sided building on a stone foundation in three sections. The main one is five by two bays on the south (front) elevation and four in the rear, its two stories topped with a gabled roof shingled in asphalt and pierced by a single brick chimney. On the northeast, the wing that includes the original house is two by two bays and two stories high with a shallow pitched hipped roof. It has been extended to the northwest to create a garage.</p><br>
<p>Ornamentation on the building is minimal. At the roofline there is a simple cornice and returns. The windows have simple wooden sills and lintels. At the center of the first story, the main entrance is a double door with glass transom. The rear entrance is off-center.</p><br>
<p>On the inside the largest rooms on each story are in the southwest section. The meeting room on the first floor has a fireplace, paneling and wide floorboards, both in pine and all original. Other rooms on the floor have their original flooring and late 19th century wallpaper. In the master bedroom above it, museum collection items like tools and toys are displayed. The other bedrooms also have similar decor to their downstairs counterparts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is unclear exactly when the current building was built, but there had been a tavern at the site since at least the Revolution. The local militia was headquartered at a tavern on the site in 1779. The first known owner, a Quaker named Benjamin Hopkins, sheltered refugees from British-occupied New York City there early in the war before himself departing for Fishkill in search of more neutral territory.</p><br>
<p>The British burned his house along White Plains Road in 1779, along with others in Bedford, and may have burned his tavern as well, then occupied by a tenant named Ichabod Ogden. It is possible that the current tavern may have been built around what remained afterwards.</p><br>
<p>By 1792, the tavern was owned by a Benjamin Tripp. Records show that the Town Board of that time met at the town clerks office (his house) and then went to the tavern afterwards. The town clerk, Harrison Palmer, bought the tavern himself in the early 1790s, making the boards post-meeting trip unnecessary.</p><br>
<p>In 1797, Palmer sold the tavern to John Smith, a former Continental Army captain who had spent most of the war as a prisoner. He was elected town clerk the following year. Soon all political activity in the town, debates and rallies as well as meetings of official bodies, took place at the tavern. Since it was located at the 37th milestone along the Danbury Post Road, it was a frequent place for the stagecoach to overnight on the road, and its passengers gave the rural town a connection to events in the city and New England.</p><br>
<p>John Smith ran the tavern, farmed the nearby land and served as town clerk until 1830, when he was succeeded by his son Samuel. In 1809, when the local post office was established there, he was its first postmaster. By the time he left the post in 1855, the rise of the railroad displaced the Danbury stagecoach, and the inn became less locally important, eventually ceasing all commercial function and becoming the family house. Samuel Smith continued to live there and farm the land until his death in 1884.</p><br>
<p>His heirs sold it to Odle Knapp, a successful farmer from nearby Greenwich, Connecticut, who gave it to his son and daughter-in-law as a wedding gift. Augustus and Kate Knapp expanded and renovated the house greatly in 1898. They replaced all the front windows, extended the northeast wing and added a second story to it. A front gable and Victorian porch they added were later removed to restore the tavern&#39;s historical appearance.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 they sold the house and accompanying farmlands to a George Smith of Armonk, unrelated to the original owners. He farmed the land until selling it 11 years later, in 1916. The buyer, Fay Stanton of New York, was taken with the building&#39;s history and tried to revive it as a tavern, the Red Jacket Inn. It failed, and two years it and the remaining 17 acre of the farm were sold at auction to wealthy New York City businessman John Sterling, joining a number of rental properties he owned in the area.</p><br>
<p>Sterling died later that year, and willed the property to his alma mater, Yale University. Almost two decades passed before the trustees of his estate transferred the property. Yale sold it and what was now five acres (2 ha) to Franklin and Frances Brown two years later. They began renovating it extensively, and sold it six years later to another couple, the Datlowes, who continued the renovations.</p><br>
<p>The combined work by the two couples was the most extensive done on the house. The Knapps&#39; porch and gable were removed, and the chimney rebuilt. Inside, much of the wallpaper was removed to reveal the original paneling, and the kitchen and bathrooms modernized. The finished house was painted in its current colors.</p><br>
<p>The Datlowes sold it in 1974 to the nearby Christian and Missionary Alliance Church, which used as a parsonage and meeting place. Three years later, the church decided to build a more modern facility for this latter purpose, and sold the house and the last two acres of its original holdings to the North Castle Historical Society. It was converted into a museum and has remained in that role ever since.</p><br>
<p>St. Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Parish Complex is a historic former Roman Catholic church complex located in Buffalo in Erie County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The St. Francis Xavier complex consists of a Lombard-Romanesque Revival basilica style church (1911–1913), a Queen Anne style rectory (1895), and a school completed over three phases in 1895, 1906, and 1956. The church measures 156 by and is two and one-half stories high with a low-pitched red clay tile roof. A large rose window is centered on the front façade above a triple arched entry. A campanile rises roughly 114 ft from the southwest corner of the structure and holds a four-sided clock on its fifth level.</p><br>
<p>After the Diocese of Buffalo announced in 2007 that the parish would close, the Buffalo Religious Arts Center, a museum that collects religious artifacts from closed churches in Buffalo, bought the property and continues to occupy it.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Ignatius Forness and John Hanbach were two of the founders of St. Francis Xavier Church on East Street in Buffalo, and when the church had its 50th jubilee (note ca 1990), Igantius Forness and one other man were guests of honor as the only surviving founders.</p><br>
<p>The Banta-Coe House is a Dutch colonial-style historic home located on Lone Pine Lane in Teaneck, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States,overlooking the Hackensack River on the campus of Fairleigh Dickinson University. Dating back to the early 18th century, it is one of the oldest remaining colonial-era homes in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>From the time the house was originally constructed until its purchase by FDU, the home was owned by a sequence of four families. The Banta family owned the house during the 18th century and it was sold to the Coe family in the early 19th century. The Coe family owned the house for most of the 19th century, during which time they renovated the house and added a second story. The house was purchased by the Hampton family in 1940 who resided in the home until it was acquired by FDU in 1993, as its campus was enlarged further south of New Jersey Route 4 along the Hackensack River.</p><br>
<p>When it was acquired by FDU the house had many original features, including hand-hewn wooden floors, though portions of the house had been updated in the 1960s. Plans were made in 2000 by FDU to create an environmental resource center in the house, which would be used to document the historic pollution of the Hackensack River and to document its cleanup and recovery. In 2006, FDU made plans to renovate the home, with possible uses for the home including use as a site for the university&#39;s historical archives of New Jersey on the upper level, while the lower level could be used for exhibition space. $30,000 was raised towards the renovation by the university, which was hoping to obtain a 3:2 matching grant from Bergen County.</p><br>
<p>The house was added the National Register of Historic Places as Building #83001460 as of January 10, 1983, and was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places as #172 on November 3, 1980, as part of a "Thematic Nomination of Early Stone Houses of Bergen County".</p><br>
<p>The Hawthorne School was a historic, Tudor Revival school building in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 1986.</p><br>
<p>It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s, the borough of Canonsburg made the switch from "centralized schools", where the school was located in the center of a community, to "ward schools", where the schools spread across the community. Canonsburg hired George Brugger to design three new schools.</p><br>
<p>As opposed to the two other schools that utilitarian in design, residents had requested that the third school be more "traditional". Brugger designed the Hawthorne with Tudor Revial style.</p><br>
<p>The Hawthorne School was demolished in September 1986, after it was purchased by nearby residents to prevent it from being developed into an apartment building.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Railroad Freight Station, also called the Chartiers Valley Railway Freight Station, is a historic, former train station building in Washington, Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 21, 1995.</p><br>
<p>It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was built in 1871 for Chartiers Valley Railroad and was leased later that year to the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad (PC&StL). The Chartiers Valley Railroad was merged with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (PCC&StL) in 1907. The Pennsylvania Railroad leased the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (PCC&StL) in 1921. The Pennsylvania Railroad was eventually merged with the New York Central Railroad to form Penn Central. Penn Central declared bankruptcy on 1970 and the station was sold to a private individual, instead of being transferred with the rest of Penn Central&#39;s assets to Conrail in 1976.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank of Charleroi is a historic building in Charleroi, Pennsylvania. The building was completed in 1922, served a series of banks, and is now home to Ductmate Industries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 7, 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First National Bank of Charleroi was constructed out of the former Wilbur Hotel from 1919 to 1922 and was designed by the New York City-architect William Lee Stoddart.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank of Charleroi was acquired by the First National of Bank and Trust Company of Washington, Pennsylvania in the 1970s, which was acquired by Gallatin Bank of Fayette County in 1980 A couple years later, Gallatin was acquired by Integra Bank of Pittsburgh. The building was closed in 1997 after Integra was bought out by National City Bank in Cleveland, Ohio. In 2002, the building was bought by Ductmate Industries in 2002 and was rehabilitated to serve as their headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Godillot Place is a historic country estate at 60 and 65 Jesup Road in Westport, Connecticut. The main house, now known as the Lyman Building, is Stick style structure, built c. 1880 around a core which is an 1804 farmhouse that now makes up the western section. The building has asymmetrical massing characteristic of the late 19th century, with a busy roofline that has projecting gable sections and dormers that have decorative shingling and overlaid Stick woodwork. Across the street from the main house stand a carriage house and barn that date to the time of the major alterations. The design has been attributed to Palliser, Palliser & Co., a New York City architectural pattern book publisher.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Two Brothers Roundhouse, formerly the Walter Payton Roundhouse, America&#39;s Historical Roundhouse, and Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy Roundhouse and Locomotive Shop is a historic building converted to a restaurant in Aurora, Illinois. It was originally constructed in 1856 as a roundhouse for the Chicago & Aurora Railroad  and served in this capacity until 1974. It was abandoned until 1995, when a group of investors led by Walter Payton purchased it and converted the building to an entertainment complex. Its most recent tenant is Two Brothers Brewing. The building is the oldest limestone roundhouse in the United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The roundhouse was constructed in 1856 to serve Aurora on the Chicago & Aurora Railroad (C&A). The C&A built its own maintenance shops to facilitate further expansion of the rail system westward. The shops were also capable of producing new equipment for the rolling stock. The roundhouse was designed by Levi Hull Waterhouse, who designed several important structures in the Aurora vicinity. The walls of the structure were constructed with locally quarried limestone from Batavia, Illinois. There were originally twenty-two stalls in the roundhouse, with an additional eight added three years after completion. Ten stalls were added at an unknown later date. A small shop was also present in the roundhouse which catered to locomotive engines.</p><br>
<p>The C&A merged with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad in 1868, which became the most trafficked railroad in Illinois by 1870. In the 1930s, the focus of the complex shifted to the new Zephyr line of diesel engines. It also constructed many passenger cars, including Pullman cars and the very first dome car. As the automobile increased in usage in the mid-20th century, rail traffic declined. The roundhouse and shops closed in 1974; most of the other shops in the district were demolished soon after.</p><br>
<p>The structure was abandoned for twenty-one years. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1978. In May 1988, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers recognized the roundhouse as a landmark in mechanical engineering for its "innovative railroad yard machine shop." In 1995, the Aurora City Council voted to allow an investment group led by former Chicago Bears running back Walter Payton to purchase the building. The building re-opened in 1996 and hosted a brewpub, restaurant, museum, and open-air pavilion. Among the artifacts in the museum is Paytons championship ring from Super Bowl XX. The complex received a National Preservation Award on October 22, 1999, only days before Paytons death.</p><br>
<p>On May 2, 2011 Two Brothers Brewing Company announced via Facebook and Twitter that they had acquired America&#39;s Historical Roundhouse in Aurora Illinois. They opened a restaurant on June 18, 2011, featuring ten of their locally available beers on tap plus an additional two that are exclusive to the establishment.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The roundhouse portion of the building complex is 264 ft long with a local limestone exterior and an iron loggia interior. The roundhouse is actually a tetracontagon (40 sides). A steel truss structure supports wood-sheathed steel rafters, covered on the exterior by tar paper. The locomotive shop is attached to the north side and is 50 x with two 16 ft stories.</p><br>
